Research
Study index
Every study PepIndex has recorded, stored once and referenced from wherever it is relevant. Each carries its evidence type, the model it used, its sample size where reported, and what it found — including null results, which are recorded rather than quietly dropped. Each has a permalink, so a study can be cited without being retyped.
- Studies indexed
- 102
- Human evidence
- 97
- Preclinical only
- 5
| Study | Evidence type | Compounds | Model | n | What it reported | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early-phase human work on thymosin beta-4PubMed listing | Human — controlled trial | TB-500 | Not recorded | — | Placeholder seed record. A small number of early-phase human studies of the parent protein exist in the listed literature. None were carried through to marketing approval in any jurisdiction, and none concern the TB-500 fragment as sold. | Listing |
| Randomised controlled trials of semaglutide, the approved medicinePubMed listing | Human — controlled trial | Semaglutide | Not recorded | — | Placeholder seed record. An extensive randomised controlled trial literature exists for the approved pharmaceutical product, conducted under medical supervision with a product of verified identity and purity. It is evidence about that product, not about research-grade material of unverified content. | Listing |
| Randomised controlled trials of tirzepatide, the approved medicinePubMed listing | Human — controlled trial | Tirzepatide | Not recorded | — | Placeholder seed record. Trial literature for the approved dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist product. As with semaglutide, the evidence attaches to the approved product rather than to research-grade powder of unverified identity. | Listing |
| Developer-run trials of retatrutidePubMed listing | Human — controlled trial | Retatrutide | Not recorded | — | Placeholder seed record. Published trials of this investigational triple agonist were conducted by the compound's developer. The compound remains investigational and is not approved by any regulator; no independent replication outside the development programme is listed. | Listing |
| Early-phase human work on ipamorelinPubMed listingNull result | Human — controlled trial | Ipamorelin | Not recorded | — | Placeholder seed record. A small early-phase human literature exists. The development programme was not carried forward to approval, and the listed work does not establish a durable clinical effect. | Listing |
| Safety and efficacy of ARA 290 in sarcoidosis patients with symptoms of small fiber neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind pilot studyMolecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2012 | Human — controlled trial | ARA-290 | Not recorded | — | ARA 290 (a peptide designed to activate the innate repair receptor that arrests injury and initiates cytoprotection, antiinflammation and healing) reduces allodynia in preclinical neuropathy models. We studied the safety and efficacy of ARA 290 to reduce symptoms of small fiber neuropathy (SFN) in patients with sarcoidosis. A total of 22 patients diagnosed with sarcoidosis and symptoms of SFN were enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory trial consisting of … | PMID 23168581 |
| Cibinetide Improves Corneal Nerve Fiber Abundance in Patients With Sarcoidosis-Associated Small Nerve Fiber Loss and Neuropathic PainInvestigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2017 | Human — controlled trial | ARA-290 | Not recorded | — | Sarcoidosis frequently is complicated by small nerve fiber loss (SNFL), which can be quantified using corneal confocal microscopy (CCM). Prior studies suggest that the innate repair receptor agonist cibinetide reverses corneal nerve loss. This phase 2b, 28-day, randomized trial of 64 subjects with sarcoid-associated SNFL and neuropathic pain assessed the effect of cibinetide on corneal nerve fiber area (CNFA) and regenerating intraepidermal fibers (GAP-43+) as surrogate endpo… | PMID 28475703 |
| Coadministered Cagrilintide and Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or ObesityThe New England journal of medicine · 2025 | Human — controlled trial | Cagrilintide | Not recorded | — | Semaglutide at a dose of 2.4 mg has established weight-loss and cardiovascular benefits, and cagrilintide at a dose of 2.4 mg has shown promising results in early-phase trials; the efficacy of the combination (known as CagriSema) on weight loss in persons with either overweight and coexisting conditions or obesity is unknown. In a phase 3a, 68-week, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active-controlled trial, we enrolled adults without diabetes who had a body-ma… | PMID 40544433 |
| Cagrilintide-Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity and Type 2 DiabetesThe New England journal of medicine · 2025 | Human — controlled trial | Cagrilintide | Not recorded | — | Cagrilintide and semaglutide have each been shown to induce weight loss as monotherapies. Data are needed on the coadministration of cagrilintide and semaglutide (called CagriSema) for weight management in adults with type 2 diabetes, including those in a subgroup who are undergoing continuous glucose monitoring. In this phase 3a, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted in 12 countries, we assigned adults with a body-mass index of 27 or more, a glycated h… | PMID 40544432 |
| Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trialLancet (London, England) · 2021 | Human — controlled trial | Cagrilintide | Not recorded | — | Natural amylin is a pancreatic hormone that induces satiety. Cagrilintide is a long-acting amylin analogue under investigation for weight management. We assessed the dose-response relationship of cagrilintide regarding the effects on bodyweight, safety, and tolerability. We conducted a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled and active-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial at 57 sites including hospitals, specialist clinics, and primary care centres in ten … | PMID 34798060 |
| Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adultsThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2006 | Human — controlled trial | CJC-1295 | Not recorded | — | Therapeutic use of GHRH to enhance GH secretion is limited by its short duration of action. The objective of this study was to examine the pharmacokinetic profile, pharmacodynamic effects, and safety of CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog. The study design was two randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, ascending dose trials with durations of 28 and 49 d. The study was performed at two investigational sites. Healthy subjects, ages 21-61 yr, were studied. CJC-1295 or pla… | PMID 16352683 |
| Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analogThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2006 | Human — controlled trial | CJC-1295 | Not recorded | — | Pulsatile GH secretion is considered important for many of the hormone's physiological effects. Short-term GHRH infusions enhance GH pulsatility and increase IGF-I, but the short GHRH half-life limits its therapeutic use. A synthetic GHRH analog (CJC-1295) that binds permanently to endogenous albumin after injection (half-life = 8 d) stimulates GH and IGF-I secretion in several animal species and in normal human subjects and enhances growth in rats. Our objective was to asses… | PMID 17018654 |
| DSIP in insomniaEuropean neurology · 1984 | Human — controlled trial | DSIP | Not recorded | — | This paper summarizes different investigations into effects of delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) injections on insomnia. Two different studies showed improvement of sleep following single injections of 25 nmol/kg b.w. before sleep. Repeated administrations indicated a buildup with normalization of sleep structure after four administrations. Repeated injections in the morning - besides increasing daytime activity - still had a strong positive effect on night sleep, but not s… | PMID 6391925 |
| A clinical trial with DSIPEuropean neurology · 1984 | Human — controlled trial | DSIP | Not recorded | — | In an open study 7 patients with severe insomnia were treated by a series of 10 injections with the delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP). In all but 1 case sleep was normalized for follow-up periods of 3-7 months. The mood and performance during the daytime improved as well. A problem may be a long-standing habit of drug addiction. | PMID 6391926 |
| Effects of delta-sleep-inducing peptide on 24-hour sleep-wake behaviour in severe chronic insomniaEuropean neurology · 1987 | Human — controlled trial | DSIP | Not recorded | — | Impaired daytime functions are a significant part of chronic insomnia besides sleep disturbance. Therefore, the effects of intermediate-term delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP) administration on sleep and daytime performance were investigated in 14 middle-aged chronic insomniacs. DSIP was administered under placebo-controlled, double-blind conditions for 7 successive nights. Polysomnograms were obtained for placebo baseline, beginning and end of DSIP treatment, and one placeb… | PMID 3622582 |
| Pineal-regulating tetrapeptide epitalon improves eye retina condition in retinitis pigmentosaNeuro endocrinology letters · 2002 | Human — controlled trial | Epithalon | Not recorded | — | We have studied the effect of tetrapeptide Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) on the course of congenital pigmented degeneration of the retina. The application of Epitalon in Campbell rats is found to intensify the bioelectric and functional activity of the retina due to the preservation of its morphological structure. Epitalon therapy in patients with degenerative retinal lesions results in a positive clinical effect in 90% of the cases. The analysis of Epitalon effects suggests tha… | PMID 12195242 |
| Effects of topical copper tripeptide complex on CO2 laser-resurfaced skinArchives of facial plastic surgery · 2006 | Human — controlled trial | GHK-Cu | Not recorded | — | To evaluate the role of skin care products that contain a copper tripeptide complex, glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine-Cu(2+) (GHK-Cu), in treating carbon dioxide (CO(2)) laser-resurfaced skin. Patients meeting the inclusion criteria underwent circumoral skin resurfacing using a CO(2) laser at standard settings. Patients were then randomized to receive posttreatment skin regimens with or without GHK-Cu. Evaluations for erythema throughout the posttreatment period were performed usin… | PMID 16847171 |
| A prospective randomized evaluator-blinded trial of two potential wound healing agents for the treatment of venous stasis ulcersJournal of vascular surgery · 1992 | Human — controlled trial | GHK-Cu | Not recorded | — | Chronic wounds such as venous stasis ulcers have become a socioeconomic problem. Even with successful initial management, the recurrence rate approaches 70%. With the advent of new wound healing agents, nonoperative attempts to heal these wounds appear indicated. This study reports a prospective randomized evaluator-blinded trial comparing two potential wound healing agents to an inert vehicle placebo. Eighty-six evaluable patients completed the trial. Silver sulfadiazine 1% … | PMID 1495150 |
| Evaluation of the effects of topical tripeptide-copper complex and zinc oxide on open-wound healing in rabbitsVeterinary dermatology · 2006 | Human — controlled trial | GHK-Cu | Not recorded | — | In this study the clinical and histopathological effects of topically applied tripeptide-copper complex (TCC) and zinc oxide on open-wound healing in rabbits was evaluated. Eighteen New Zealand rabbits were divided into three groups: TCC, zinc oxide and no treatment. One full thickness wound was created on each side of the dorsal midline in each rabbit. Wound margins were traced on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 and topical TCC and zinc oxide were applied daily for 21 days to each rab… | PMID 17083573 |
| Supplementing Glycine and N-Acetylcysteine (GlyNAC) in Older Adults Improves Glutathione Deficiency, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Inflammation, Physical Function, and Aging Hallmarks: A Randomized Clinical TrialThe journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · 2023 | Human — controlled trial | Glutathione | Not recorded | — | Elevated oxidative stress (OxS), mitochondrial dysfunction, and hallmarks of aging are identified as key contributors to aging, but improving/reversing these defects in older adults (OA) is challenging. In prior studies, we identified that deficiency of the intracellular antioxidant glutathione (GSH) could play a role and reported that supplementing GlyNAC (combination of glycine and N-acetylcysteine [NAC]) in aged mice improved GSH deficiency, OxS, mitochondrial fatty-acid o… | PMID 35975308 |
| Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathioneEuropean journal of nutrition · 2015 | Human — controlled trial | Glutathione | Not recorded | — | Glutathione (GSH), the most abundant endogenous antioxidant, is a critical regulator of oxidative stress and immune function. While oral GSH has been shown to be bioavailable in laboratory animal models, its efficacy in humans has not been established. Our objective was to determine the long-term effectiveness of oral GSH supplementation on body stores of GSH in healthy adults. A 6-month randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of oral GSH (250 or 1,000 mg/day) on… | PMID 24791752 |
| Differential effects of insulin-like growth factor-I and gonadotropins on the proliferative activity of two subgroups of granulosa cells: cumulus oophorus and mural granulosa cellsFertility and sterility · 2001 | Human — controlled trial | IGF-1 LR3 | Not recorded | — | To evaluate the physiological role of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGFI) and its interaction with gonadotropins in cell replication of two types of granulosa cells (cumulus oophorus, CC) and mural granulosa cells (MGC). Controlled randomized study of the action and interaction of gonadotropins and IGFI on granulosa cell replication in the rat. A university reproductive biology laboratory. The study examined the in vivo treatment with gonadotropins or an analogue of IGFI, lon… | PMID 11334915 |
| Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the Ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patientsInternational journal of colorectal disease · 2014 | Human — controlled trial | Ipamorelin | Not recorded | — | Postoperative ileus is a significant clinical challenge lacking effective management strategies. Ghrelin-receptor stimulation has promotility effects in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. This proof-of-concept, phase 2, randomized study evaluated the safety and efficacy of the ghrelin-receptor agonist ipamorelin in the treatment of postoperative ileus following abdominal surgery (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00672074). The design was a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-con… | PMID 25331030 |
| Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteersPharmaceutical research · 1999 | Human — controlled trial | Ipamorelin | Not recorded | — | To examine the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of ipamorelin, a growth hormone (GH) releasing peptide, in healthy volunteers. A trial was conducted with a dose escalation design comprising 5 different infusion rates (4.21, 14.02, 42.13, 84.27 and 140.45 nmol/kg over 15 minutes) with eight healthy male subjects at each dose level. Concentrations of ipamorelin and growth hormone were measured. The PK parameters showed dose-proportionality, with a short terminal … | PMID 10496658 |
| Elinzanetant (NT-814), a Neurokinin 1,3 Receptor Antagonist, Reduces Estradiol and Progesterone in Healthy WomenThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2021 | Human — controlled trial | Kisspeptin | Not recorded | — | The ideal therapy for endometriosis (EM) and uterine fibroids (UFs) would suppress estrogenic drive to the endometrium and myometrium, while minimizing vasomotor symptoms and bone loss associated with current treatments. An integrated neurokinin-kisspeptin system involving substance P and neurokinin B acting at the neurokinin (NK) receptors 1 and 3, respectively, modulates reproductive hormone secretion and represents a therapeutic target. This work aimed to assess the effect… | PMID 33624806 |
| Afamelanotide for Erythropoietic ProtoporphyriaThe New England journal of medicine · 2015 | Human — controlled trial | Melanotan I | Not recorded | — | Erythropoietic protoporphyria is a severe photodermatosis that is associated with acute phototoxicity. Patients with this condition have excruciating pain and a markedly reduced quality of life. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of an α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogue, afamelanotide, to decrease pain and improve quality of life. We conducted two multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of subcutaneous implants containing 16 mg of afame… | PMID 26132941 |
| Afamelanotide and narrowband UV-B phototherapy for the treatment of vitiligo: a randomized multicenter trialJAMA dermatology · 2015 | Human — controlled trial | Melanotan I | Not recorded | — | Narrowband UV-B (NB-UV-B) phototherapy is used extensively to treat vitiligo. Afamelanotide, an analogue of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, is known to induce tanning of the skin. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination therapy for generalized vitiligo consisting of afamelanotide implant and NB-UV-B phototherapy. This study was performed in 2 academic outpatient dermatology centers and 1 private dermatology practice. We enrolled men and women 18 years or ol… | PMID 25230094 |
| Circulating levels of MOTS-c in patients with breast cancer treated with metforminAging · 2022 | Human — controlled trial | MOTS-c | Not recorded | — | The mitokine MOTS-c is a mitochondrially-encoded "exercise-mimetic peptide" expressed in multiple tissues, particularly skeletal muscles, which can be detected as a circulating hormone in the blood. MOTS-c mechanisms of action (MoA) involve insulin sensitization, enhanced glucose utilization, suppression of mitochondrial respiration, and targeting of the folate-AICAR-AMPK pathway. Although MOTS-c MoA largely overlap those of the anti-diabetic biguanide metformin, the putative… | PMID 36490309 |
| Repeated Heat Stress Modulates the Levels of the Mitokines MOTS-C and FGF21 in Active Men during Calf Muscle ImmobilizationMedicine and science in sports and exercise · 2025 | Human — controlled trial | MOTS-c | Not recorded | — | Heat stress, like exercise, can elicit beneficial mitochondrial adaptations and attenuate disuse muscle atrophy. The beneficial effects of heat therapy may in part be related to mitokines as they are released by the cells in response to perceived mitochondrial stress. This study thus investigated the effect of repeated heat exposures on mitokine response in the context of immobilization-induced muscle atrophy. A total of 19 physically active men underwent 4 wk of supervised t… | PMID 40674654 |
| The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trialGeroScience · 2023 | Human — controlled trial | NAD+ | Not recorded | — | In animal studies, β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation increases nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) concentrations and improves healthspan and lifespan with great safety. However, it is unclear if these effects can be transferred to humans. This randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial included 80 middle-aged healthy adults being randomized for a 60-day clinical trial with once daily or… | PMID 36482258 |
| Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic womenScience (New York, N.Y.) · 2021 | Human — controlled trial | NAD+ | Not recorded | — | In rodents, obesity and aging impair nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthesis, which contributes to metabolic dysfunction. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) availability is a rate-limiting factor in mammalian NAD+ biosynthesis. We conducted a 10-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial to evaluate the effect of NMN supplementation on metabolic function in postmenopausal women with prediabetes who were overweight or obese. Insulin-stimulated glucos… | PMID 33888596 |
| Zinc promotes microbial p-coumaric acid production that protects against cholestatic liver injuryCell host & microbe · 2024 | Human — controlled trial | NAD+ | Not recorded | — | Cholestatic liver disease (CLD) is a common liver disorder with limited treatment options. Here, we demonstrate that zinc (Zn) supplementation can alter the gut microbiome to mitigate cholestatic liver injury. Oral Zn altered the microbiota of mice and humans (this study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov [NCT05597137]), increasing the abundance of Blautia producta (B. producta) and promoting the generation of p-coumaric acid. Additionally, p-coumaric acid concentratio… | PMID 39610253 |
| Safety Profile of Bremelanotide Across the Clinical Development ProgramJournal of women's health (2002) · 2022 | Human — controlled trial | PT-141 | Not recorded | — | Background: Bremelanotide, a melanocortin receptor agonist, is Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for the treatment of premenopausal women with acquired, generalized hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Methods: Review of bremelanotide's safety profile from the clinical development program (phases 1 through 3). Results: The clinical development program comprised 3500 subjects in 43 completed studies. In the phase 3 studies, subjects took bremelanotide for up to 18 mont… | PMID 35147466 |
| Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity - A Phase 2 TrialThe New England journal of medicine · 2023 | Human — controlled trial | Retatrutide | Not recorded | — | Retatrutide (LY3437943) is an agonist of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide 1, and glucagon receptors. Its dose-response relationships with respect to side effects, safety, and efficacy for the treatment of obesity are not known. We conducted a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving adults who had a body-mass index (BMI, the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of 30 or higher or… | PMID 37366315 |
| [Optimization of the treatment of anxiety disorders with selank]Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova · 2015 | Human — controlled trial | Selank | Not recorded | — | To compare the efficacy and tolerability of monotherapy with phenazepam to complex treatment with the peptide preparation selank and phenazepam in patients with anxiety disorders. Authors explored the anxiolytic effect and tolerability of monotherapy with phenazepam (30 patients) and complex treatment with selank and phenazepam (40 patients) in anxiety-phobic, hypochondriac and somatoform disorders (ICD-10 items F40.2-9, F41.1-9, F45.0-2). Therapeutic effect was assessed clin… | PMID 26356395 |
| [A comparison of the anxiolytic effect and tolerability of selank and phenazepam in the treatment of anxiety disorders]Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova · 2014 | Human — controlled trial | Selank | Not recorded | — | Objective. To study the efficacy and tolerability of the new anxyolytic peptide selank in comparison with phenazepam. Material and methods. A comparative study of the anxiolytic effect and tolerability of selank and phenazepam was carried out in 60 patients with phobic-anxiety- and somatoform disorders (F40.2-9, F41.1-9, F45.0-1 by ICD-10) were examined. Results Pronounced anxiolytic and mild nootropic effects of selank were demonstrated. The anxiolytic effect lasted for a we… | PMID 25176261 |
| [Efficacy and possible mechanisms of action of a new peptide anxiolytic selank in the therapy of generalized anxiety disorders and neurasthenia]Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova · 2008 | Human — controlled trial | Selank | Not recorded | — | Sixty-two patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and neurasthenia were studied. The effect of selank (30 patients) was compared to that of medazepam (32 patients). Patient's state was assessed with psychometric scales (Hamilton, Zung, CGI). Enkephalin activity in the blood serum was measured as well. The anxiolytic effects of both drugs were similar but selank had also antiasthenic and psychostimulant effects. The clinical-biological study revealed that patients wit… | PMID 18454096 |
| Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or ObesityThe New England journal of medicine · 2021 | Human — controlled trial | Semaglutide | Not recorded | — | Obesity is a global health challenge with few pharmacologic options. Whether adults with obesity can achieve weight loss with once-weekly semaglutide at a dose of 2.4 mg as an adjunct to lifestyle intervention has not been confirmed. In this double-blind trial, we enrolled 1961 adults with a body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of 30 or greater (≥27 in persons with ≥1 weight-related coexisting condition), who di… | PMID 33567185 |
| Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of ObesityThe New England journal of medicine · 2025 | Human — controlled trial | Semaglutide | Not recorded | — | Tirzepatide and semaglutide are highly effective medications for obesity management. The efficacy and safety of tirzepatide as compared with semaglutide in adults with obesity but without type 2 diabetes is unknown. In this phase 3b, open-label, controlled trial, adult participants with obesity but without type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive the maximum tolerated dose of tirzepatide (10 mg or 15 mg) or the maximum tolerated dose of semaglutide (1.… | PMID 40353578 |
| Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extensionDiabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2022 | Human — controlled trial | Semaglutide | Not recorded | — | To explore changes in body weight and cardiometabolic risk factors after treatment withdrawal in the STEP 1 trial extension. STEP 1 (NCT03548935) randomized 1961 adults with a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2 (or ≥ 27 kg/m2 with ≥ 1 weight-related co-morbidity) without diabetes to 68 weeks of once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg (including 16 weeks of dose escalation) or placebo, as an adjunct to life… | PMID 35441470 |
| Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 4 Randomized Clinical TrialJAMA · 2021 | Human — controlled trial | Semaglutide | Not recorded | — | The effect of continuing vs withdrawing treatment with semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, on weight loss maintenance in people with overweight or obesity is unknown. To compare continued once-weekly treatment with subcutaneous semaglutide, 2.4 mg, with switch to placebo for weight maintenance (both with lifestyle intervention) in adults with overweight or obesity after a 20-week run-in with subcutaneous semaglutide titrated to 2.4 mg weekly. Randomized, … | PMID 33755728 |
| [The study of chronic partial denervation and quality of life in patients with motor neuron disease treated with semax]Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova · 2007 | Human — controlled trial | Semax | Not recorded | — | The study of chronic partial denervation (CPD) and quality of life was carried out in 27 patients with definite, probable and possible diagnosis of motor neuron disease (MND) treated with semax (1% solution). The needle electromyography (EMG) was performed thrice with short-term 2 month interval (60 days before enrollment and on day 1 and day 48 of the study) in three muscles on bulbar, cervical and lumbosacral levels on the less affected side. According to Revised El-Escoria… | PMID 18379501 |
| [The efficacy of semax in the tretament of patients at different stages of ischemic stroke]Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova · 2018 | Human — controlled trial | Semax | Not recorded | — | To evaluate the efficacy of semax and timing of rehabilitation on the dynamics of plasma BDNF levels, motor performance, and Barthel index score in patients after ischemic stroke (IS). One hundred and ten patients after IS (43 men, 67 women, mean age 58.0±9.7, Ме 63 years) were examined. All patients were divided into early (89±9 days) and late (214±22 days) rehabilitation groups. Each group was subdivided into semax+ and semax- subgroups. Standard … | PMID 29798983 |
| [Effectiveness of semax in acute period of hemispheric ischemic stroke (a clinical and electrophysiological study)]Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova · 1997 | Human — controlled trial | Semax | Not recorded | — | Efficiency of Semax (synthetic derivative of ACTH-4-10) was studied in 30 patients in acute period of hemispherical ischemic stroke. Control group consisted of 80 patients with the strokes analogous in severity and location of the damages and which were treated by conventional therapy. Different clinical rating scales were used for both objectivization of the severity of the patients' state and estimation of the degree of neurological defect. The control of Semax influence on… | PMID 11517472 |
| [Evaluation of therapeutic effect of new Russian drug semax in optic nerve disease]Vestnik oftalmologii · 2000 | Human — controlled trial | Semax | Not recorded | — | Semax is a synthetic analog of adrenocorticotropic hormone 4-10 with a pronounced nootropic effect. It was used in the treatment of vascular, toxic allergic, and inflammatory diseases of the optic nerve and partial atrophy of the optic nerve in parallel with basic neurotrophic and antiinflammatory therapy. For evaluating the drug efficiency, the patients were divided into 3 groups, administered the drug via different routes. In group 1 semax was administered intransally as na… | PMID 10741256 |
| Quantitative growth hormone secretion and final adult heightClinical endocrinology · 1999 | Human — controlled trial | Sermorelin | Not recorded | — | The relationship of quantitative GH secretion to height, growth velocity and puberty is complex and has been the subject of extensive study in children. This study was designed to relate quantitative GH secretion to final height. Twenty tall (> 183 cm, 90th centile for adult height) and 20 short (< 166 cm, 10th centile) postpubertal men who had recently completed linear growth (age range 18-27 years). GH dynamics were studied on four occasions; insulin (0.15 units/kg, iv)-ind… | PMID 10594520 |
| Growth response to growth hormone-releasing hormone(1-29)-NH2 compared with growth hormoneActa paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). Supplement · 1993 | Human — controlled trial | Sermorelin | Not recorded | — | To assess the growth-promoting effect of different doses of growth hormone-releasing hormone(1-29)-NH2 (GHRH(1-29)-NH2) in GH deficiency (GHD) of hypothalamic origin, 43 prepubertal children aged between 4.3 and 18.9 years (mean 10.4 +/- 2.9 years) were randomly assigned to three treatment regimens: low-dose GHRH(1-29)-NH2 (LD group; n = 15), high-dose GHRH(1-29)-NH2 (HD group; n = 12) and GH (GH group; n = 16). The LD group received GHRH(1-29)-NH2 at 30 micrograms/kg/day s.c… | PMID 8329826 |
| Growth hormone release by the novel GH releasing peptide hexarelin in patients with homozygous beta-thalassemiaJournal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM · 1997 | Human — controlled trial | Sermorelin | Not recorded | — | Patients with beta-thalassemia often present with abnormalities in growth and other endocrine functions. Growth hormone (GH) secretion is controlled via somatostatin and growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH). Recently, Hexarelin, a new potent GH secretagogue (His-D-2-Methyl-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2), was synthesized. Our study was designed to assess and compare its efficacy as a GH secretagogue to GHRH 1-29 in beta-thalassemia. Eighteen patients, regularly transfused and c… | PMID 9364340 |
| Efficacy of bioactive peptides loaded on hyaluronic acid microneedle patches: A monocentric clinical studyJournal of cosmetic dermatology · 2020 | Human — controlled trial | SNAP-8 | Not recorded | — | Aging skin is a gradual physiological process associated with functional and structural changes of the skin. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors influence skin aging by the involvement of multiple pathways. Restoring natural skin conditions requires a multi-targeted approach. Recent developments in both bioactive peptides and microneedle delivery system have presented an opportunity for tackling premature skin aging. This study was aimed at evaluating the dermal tolerability… | PMID 31134751 |
| Thymosins: structure, function and therapeutic applicationsThymus · 1984 | Human — controlled trial | TB-500 | Not recorded | — | Using a partially purified preparation, thymosin fraction 5, we have documented that thymosin can correct many of the immunological deficiencies resulting from the lack of thymosin function in animal models and in humans. Ongoing studies indicate that there is a family of biologically active peptides within fraction 5 that act on T-cell subpopulations to maintain normal immunological reactivity. Several of these peptides have been purified to homogeneity. Two peptides, thymos… | PMID 6087503 |
| A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteersAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2010 | Human — controlled trial | TB-500 | Not recorded | — | Synthetic thymosin beta 4 (Tbeta4) may have a potential use in promoting myocardial cell survival during acute myocardial infarction. Four cohorts, with 10 healthy subjects each, were given a single intravenous dose of placebo or synthetic Tbeta4. Cohorts received ascending doses of either 42, 140, 420, or 1260 mg. Following safety review, subjects were given the same dose regimen daily for 14 days. Safety evaluations, incidence of Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events, and pharm… | PMID 20536472 |
| The effect of thymosin treatment of venous ulcersAnnals of the New York Academy of Sciences · 2010 | Human — controlled trial | TB-500 | Not recorded | — | Venous ulcers are responsible for about 70% of the chronic ulcers of the lower limbs. Standard of care includes compression, dressings, debridement of devitalized tissue, and infection control. Thymosin beta 4 (Tbeta4), a synthetic copy of the naturally occurring 43 amino-acid peptide, has been found to have wound healing and anti-inflammatory properties, and is thought to exert its therapeutic effect through promotion of keratinocyte and endothelial cell migration, increased… | PMID 20536470 |
| Efficacy and safety of tesamorelin in people with HIV on integrase inhibitorsAIDS (London, England) · 2024 | Human — controlled trial | Tesamorelin | Not recorded | — | Tesamorelin is the only FDA-approved therapy to treat abdominal fat accumulation in people with HIV (PWH). Phase III clinical trials were conducted prior to the introduction of integrase inhibitors (INSTIs), which are now a mainstay of HIV antiretroviral therapy. We leveraged a randomized double-blind trial of 61 PWH and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tesamorelin 2 mg once daily vs. identical placebo amon… | PMID 38905488 |
| Effects of Tesamorelin on Neurocognitive Impairment in Persons With HIV and Abdominal ObesityThe Journal of infectious diseases · 2025 | Human — controlled trial | Tesamorelin | Not recorded | — | In people with HIV who are virally suppressed with antiretroviral therapy, abdominal obesity (AO) is linked to neurocognitive impairment (NCI), potentially due to visceral adiposity, inflammation, and reduced insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing hormone, reduces AO and increases IGF-1, suggesting that it might mitigate NCI in people with HIV and viral suppression. This 6-month phase 2 randomized open-label clinical trial compared tesam… | PMID 39813152 |
| The efficacy and safety of thymosin α1 for sepsis (TESTS): multicentre, double blinded, randomised, placebo controlled, phase 3 trialBMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2025 | Human — controlled trial | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Not recorded | — | To evaluate whether the immunomodulatory drug thymosin α1 reduces mortality in adults with sepsis. Multicentre, double blinded, placebo controlled phase 3 trial. 22 centres in China, September 2016 to December 2020. 1106 adults aged 18-85 years with a diagnosis of sepsis according to sepsis-3 criteria and randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive thymosin α1 (n=552) or placebo (n=554). A stratified block method was used for randomisation, and participants were s… | PMID 39814420 |
| Neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy plus thymalfasin in locally advanced gastric cancer: a prospective clinical trialBMC medicine · 2026 | Human — controlled trial | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Not recorded | — | Neoadjuvant immunochemotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for locally advanced gastric and gastroesophageal junction (G/EGJ) adenocarcinoma, but a substantial proportion of patients derive limited benefit. Thymalfasin is an immunomodulatory peptide that may amplify antitumor immunity while attenuating toxicity. We conducted a phase II trial to evaluate anti-PD-1 plus SOX (S-1 and oxaliplatin) immunochemotherapy combined with thymalfasin as neoadjuvant treatment for G… | PMID 41749205 |
| Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and ObesityThe New England journal of medicine · 2024 | Human — controlled trial | Tirzepatide | Not recorded | — | Obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by disordered breathing during sleep and is associated with major cardiovascular complications; excess adiposity is an etiologic risk factor. Tirzepatide may be a potential treatment. We conducted two phase 3, double-blind, randomized, controlled trials involving adults with moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea and obesity. Participants who were not receiving treatment with positive airway pressure (PAP) at baseline were enrolled… | PMID 38912654 |
| Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of ObesityThe New England journal of medicine · 2022 | Human — controlled trial | Tirzepatide | Not recorded | — | Obesity is a chronic disease that results in substantial global morbidity and mortality. The efficacy and safety of tirzepatide, a novel glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, in people with obesity are not known. In this phase 3 double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, we assigned 2539 adults with a body-mass index (BMI; the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of 30 or more, or 27 or more a… | PMID 35658024 |
| Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes PreventionThe New England journal of medicine · 2025 | Human — controlled trial | Tirzepatide | Not recorded | — | Obesity is a chronic disease and causal precursor to myriad other conditions, including type 2 diabetes. In an earlier analysis of the SURMOUNT-1 trial, tirzepatide was shown to provide substantial and sustained reductions in body weight in persons with obesity over a 72-week period. Here, we report the 3-year safety outcomes with tirzepatide and its efficacy in reducing weight and delaying progression to type 2 diabetes in persons with both obesity and prediabetes. We perfor… | PMID 39536238 |
| Intravenous aviptadil and remdesivir for treatment of COVID-19-associated hypoxaemic respiratory failure in the USA (TESICO): a randomised, placebo-controlled trialThe Lancet. Respiratory medicine · 2023 | Human — controlled trial | VIP | Not recorded | — | There is a clinical need for therapeutics for COVID-19 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure whose 60-day mortality remains at 30-50%. Aviptadil, a lung-protective neuropeptide, and remdesivir, a nucleotide prodrug of an adenosine analog, were compared with placebo among patients with COVID-19 acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure. TESICO was a randomised trial of aviptadil and remdesivir versus placebo at 28 sites in the USA. Hospitalised adult patients were eligi… | PMID 37348524 |
| The Use of IV Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (Aviptadil) in Patients With Critical COVID-19 Respiratory Failure: Results of a 60-Day Randomized Controlled TrialCritical care medicine · 2022 | Human — controlled trial | VIP | Not recorded | — | Respiratory failure is a lethal complication of COVID-19 that has remained resistant to drug therapy. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is shown in nonclinical studies to upregulate surfactant production, inhibit cytokine synthesis, prevent cytopathy, and block replication of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus in pulmonary cells. The study aims to determine whether Aviptadil (synthetic VIP) can improve survival and recovery in patients with COVID-19 r… | PMID 36044317 |